{"id":"W3151584765","doi":"10.1257/aer.20200146","title":"Signaling and Employer Learning with Instruments","year":2022,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"American Economic Review","topic":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":35,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Norges Forskningsråd","keywords":"Construct (python library); Productivity; Economics; Labour economics; Economic growth; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01263663,0.0009162796,0.001323106,0.001141703,0.0008510561,0.005134359,0.001517414,0.003044302,0.007565983],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05381166,0.0004697261,0.0009314278,0.001774525,0.005279032,0.004839019,0.002987484,0.003053785,0.0004821975],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003056625,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002082721,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007671052,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003761787,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99245,0.004227404,0.0003234594,0.000819039,0.0009188342,0.00126139],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9317561,0.04911828,0.01332481,0.003752515,0.00125043,0.0007978556],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002932756,0.0003986624,0.06804907,0.0002156988,0.0001827265,0.0004818409,0.001222088,0.1661552,0.0005223887,0.713444,0.001363546,0.04767163],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003118172,0.000486119,0.02476449,0.0003432424,0.0001752529,0.0001542995,0.001068508,0.2947972,0.001484316,0.6689728,0.007292934,0.0001489379],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6428809,0.002179762,0.2962209,0.009687169,0.0002005577,0.0002441043,0.0009620757,0.0003837819,0.04724079],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9917837,0.000385562,0.004602241,0.0001694975,0.00004781301,0.00004530629,0.00007610703,0.000008470316,0.002881254],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01263663,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06682968,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03427280322638042,"score_gpt":0.3360172917900625,"score_spread":0.301744488563682,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}