{"id":"W3152426643","doi":"10.1109/access.2021.3068776","title":"Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Robust State of Charge Estimation, Cell Inconsistency, and Balancing: Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Access","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":202,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Battery pack; State of charge; Battery (electricity); Computer science; Estimation; Reliability engineering; Automotive engineering; Power (physics); Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001626619,0.001106425,0.00157203,0.001892905,0.0002445271,0.001527832,0.001980558,0.001132571,0.002300463],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003681089,0.0006356109,0.0008325434,0.003200135,0.000513505,0.0023566,0.0006988591,0.0006920542,0.001317346],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004739937,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001108843,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002395306,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001537557,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993398,0.0000876185,0.0001014996,0.0001793985,0.0002597291,0.00003204913],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9974068,0.001330533,0.000258788,0.0001002172,0.0008628876,0.00004073666],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008266466,0.00005744785,0.0007813999,0.01570611,0.0001772347,0.000110497,0.0000659436,0.006213937,0.001582034,0.004677389,0.01050199,0.9600433],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003687554,0.0006301364,0.004738055,0.009585328,0.001381096,0.002521673,0.0003303505,0.02633798,0.01106021,0.008690469,0.9344236,0.0002641083],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001027739,0.9841118,0.01188784,0.0001945466,0.0003417559,0.00002745422,0.00006257171,0.00006526035,0.002281026],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01650694,0.974097,0.006680013,0.0001807594,0.0006454886,0.00004081652,0.0002201879,0.00002902158,0.001599757],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002395306,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0086025,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02916956519609312,"score_gpt":0.2900664475862649,"score_spread":0.2608968823901717,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}