{"id":"W3152910989","doi":"10.1177/2192568220961353","title":"Applications of Machine Learning to Imaging of Spinal Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Global Spine Journal","topic":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":31,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Medicine; Spinal deformity; Narrative review; Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Medical physics; Physical medicine and rehabilitation; Deformity; Surgery; Computer science; Intensive care medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008500495,0.00007760291,0.0001616474,0.00006370487,0.00006942163,0.00002306346,0.00005206468,0.00001406464,0.00007018541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003986539,0.00007178033,0.00006874106,0.0004853625,0.00002481651,0.00005084877,0.00003034238,0.0002263089,0.000001529378],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003752124,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000289223,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003140899,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001990504,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993442,0.00002045212,0.0002355267,0.00008381431,0.000159265,0.0001567027],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996024,0.000003341796,0.0000516607,0.00007249199,0.00008849358,0.0001815566],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001103541,0.00004159562,0.03620085,0.00007091845,0.00005088446,0.000001746619,0.00005814186,0.001510211,0.0005150302,0.0001225721,0.0001945039,0.9612324],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005672165,0.00004338337,0.1019902,0.0002455897,0.0001969522,0.0001593056,0.0007038112,0.02667803,0.0002447038,0.0007141649,0.8682212,0.0002354663],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1814402,0.2109716,0.599218,0.003800321,0.0009407128,0.0001421678,0.0000856007,0.0001411476,0.003260218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9731073,0.01894074,0.007372253,0.00002323498,0.00050463,0.000004665295,0.00001321589,0.00001079219,0.00002313664],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.960997,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2927117,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.003802029901901226,"score_gpt":0.2621392202925912,"score_spread":0.25833719039069,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}