{"id":"W3153509922","doi":"10.2118/200803-ms","title":"Successful in the Lab, Not as Effective in the Field? Uncertainties in the Field Observations of Low Salinity Water Flooding in Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs-A Critical Analysis","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SPE Western Regional Meeting","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Salinity; Carbonate; Petroleum engineering; Brine; Enhanced oil recovery; Water flooding; Geology; Oil field; Water injection (oil production); Flooding (psychology); Formation water; Environmental science; Hydrology (agriculture); Geotechnical engineering; Materials science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001449043,0.0001326742,0.0002533352,0.0001972698,0.00004287343,0.00006193636,0.0002967495,0.0001037014,0.000005340059],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001254887,0.00008039529,0.00006689916,0.0007485882,0.00005716952,0.0001462603,0.00007064806,0.0005155042,4.561097e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004314065,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001566798,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003190532,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03702096,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984186,0.0005198968,0.0003560463,0.0001957855,0.0002708308,0.0002387958],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.993035,0.006621901,0.00003026286,0.0002515842,0.0000486524,0.00001259167],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001121204,0.0001383499,0.9166451,0.0004458169,0.00009190925,0.0002692416,0.02950445,0.04319937,0.007228653,0.001547248,0.00007862697,0.0007391376],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008077158,0.0001593353,0.8744901,0.001669254,0.000109969,0.00002483452,0.01852952,0.01600708,0.07729177,0.01031164,0.0001439909,0.0004548221],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9895418,0.0001981389,0.00008672492,0.009081059,0.00003482561,0.0001873399,0.000002637884,0.00001681241,0.0008507019],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982317,0.0001224132,0.0002274953,0.001271568,0.00003487081,0.00008813575,0.000008359294,0.000009424286,0.000006018287],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07006311,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9805509,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0202385949529015,"score_gpt":0.2982217983261223,"score_spread":0.2779832033732208,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}