{"id":"W3154842344","doi":"10.1109/tts.2021.3072213","title":"A Problem Taxonomy for Engineering","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","topic":"Design Education and Practice","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Taxonomy (biology); Computer science; Management science; Engineering ethics; Engineering; Ecology; Biology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004435393,0.001884241,0.001085776,0.009087578,0.005192392,0.009780777,0.00385518,0.004257099,0.01277473],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01178669,0.0007425458,0.002265155,0.01187244,0.009111614,0.01968057,0.004916528,0.006801112,0.004763563],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.005872194,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00702421,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009051577,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00781705,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9937614,0.002372753,0.001104777,0.0009229502,0.001504031,0.0003340997],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9924454,0.003066303,0.0006294511,0.001075228,0.002226321,0.0005573517],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001337988,0.00005719439,0.0005931385,0.0003489812,0.000007184145,0.0001349055,0.002828699,0.001047599,0.0003293925,0.9336306,0.018386,0.04262294],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001334154,0.000047036,0.0005623993,0.0005957279,0.000006755325,0.0005724515,0.00382682,0.005866394,0.0001321193,0.5858674,0.4024759,0.00003360998],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.006424076,0.009861768,0.8281934,0.01674231,0.00221582,0.002277848,0.002378044,0.001275798,0.1306309],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.04524865,0.004547168,0.9268295,0.001653166,0.000531328,0.002464516,0.002991542,0.000242495,0.01549164],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01277473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04273576,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01457051250014139,"score_gpt":0.2193505510131792,"score_spread":0.2047800385130379,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}