{"id":"W3156082066","doi":"","title":"Legal Tragedies: US Military Reporting on Civilian Casualties of Airstrikes","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Carleton University","funders":"","keywords":"Scrutiny; Regret; Law; Political science; Tragedy (event); International humanitarian law; Criminology; Sociology; International law; Social science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005801141,0.000131085,0.0002925021,0.0000717484,0.0008098682,0.00004270533,0.0002243605,0.0001656248,0.0001019737],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002718809,0.0001224578,0.0002375002,0.0002149233,0.0003332404,0.0002297907,0.00002066838,0.00230456,0.000003899232],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006143714,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007864268,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004686528,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1729418,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963507,0.0003802539,0.0007639788,0.0002218083,0.0006749614,0.001608279],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986696,0.0002130102,0.0005586445,0.000173199,0.0002649162,0.0001206134],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001075828,0.0002318715,0.005999191,0.00005080212,0.0003342837,0.0002105992,0.03492276,0.0001043473,0.0006306422,0.9294109,0.001130342,0.02686669],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007994474,0.0009628944,0.004911481,0.0003022916,0.0001424006,0.000822369,0.353067,0.00001835301,0.002993239,0.2972834,0.3380363,0.0006608507],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9283186,0.0195589,0.0001129845,0.00514873,0.001104681,0.00009847617,0.000004369766,0.00005192975,0.04560128],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9828942,0.007698106,0.00005420634,0.000229858,0.0009798435,0.000001512865,0.000002176577,0.00001436824,0.008125747],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6321275,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999971,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02775263520521626,"score_gpt":0.3194702341679175,"score_spread":0.2917175989627013,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}