{"id":"W3156867361","doi":"10.25909/28891115.v1","title":"NO AMENDMENT? NO PROBLEM: JUDGES, “INFORMAL AMENDMENT,” AND THE EVOLUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL MEANING IN THE FEDERAL DEMOCRACIES OF AUSTRALIA, CANADA, INDIA, AND THE UNITED STATES","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Pepperdine Digital Commons (Pepperdine University)","topic":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Constitution; Democracy; Law; Meaning (existential); Constitutional amendment; Political science; Politics; Original meaning; Originalism; Sociology; Epistemology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008160821,0.0001487897,0.0003272466,0.001376447,0.01325043,0.01163374,0.0009544488,0.002138112,0.001755157],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02776325,0.0002134695,0.0002580782,0.001572592,0.05348947,0.004214263,0.004114352,0.005582511,0.0001243991],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.01886931,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.01727476,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1878396,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.2601661,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9891322,0.005420299,0.000189517,0.0009441461,0.002175261,0.002138511],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9901915,0.004996056,0.00120093,0.0008787015,0.001781479,0.0009513953],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003876891,0.00002751433,0.005298754,0.00002100485,0.000008386636,0.0001857172,0.0750462,0.0003749254,0.0002429286,0.9033665,0.002091273,0.01329798],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001068403,0.0001124643,0.0482815,0.000355018,0.00006748066,0.0002293162,0.1027865,0.002237533,0.001125693,0.6061985,0.2383349,0.0001643516],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6432408,0.002839583,0.004246205,0.04523372,0.000290805,0.00004390182,0.00004350035,0.00004562442,0.3040159],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9954126,0.0001467691,0.0003655395,0.0006790069,0.00002722659,0.000009565008,0.000007523967,0.00001173473,0.003339979],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8121604,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3734924,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01171858594574895,"score_gpt":0.2235826264407984,"score_spread":0.2118640404950494,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}