{"id":"W3157063504","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/abf117","title":"The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; McGill University","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Astrophysics Division; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Nuclear Security Administration; Toray Science Foundation; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Academy of Finland; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; John Templeton Foundation; European Southern Observatory; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; National Science Foundation; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica; Junta de Andalucía; Universiteit van Amsterdam; Harvard University; Radboud Universiteit; National Research Foundation; University of Arizona; Smithsonian Institution; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Universiteit Leiden; Associated Universities; Space Telescope Science Institute; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Kavli Foundation; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; University of Chicago; Compute Canada; Simons Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Flatiron Health","keywords":"Polarization (electrochemistry); Faraday effect; Rotating black hole; Schwarzschild radius; Black hole (networking); Event horizon; Gravitational lens; Magnetic field; Schwarzschild metric","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002085971,0.000268646,0.0002804681,0.0002997366,0.000334734,0.0006554892,0.0004663054,0.0003468784,0.001217844],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004431798,0.0001941065,0.0003854235,0.0002603815,0.0005069417,0.0003081993,0.0004524187,0.0003028775,0.0001356427],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003789658,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001582516,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001815341,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0007560931,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999495,0.00001441175,0.000001765668,0.000009049943,0.000008034109,0.00001728774],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997531,0.00005509168,0.00005207262,0.00003415723,0.00002570067,0.0000798841],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002206425,0.0004549935,0.1223542,0.0001844692,0.0005251422,0.00599835,0.0009327442,0.6189698,0.2080268,0.02675274,0.003497517,0.01009677],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000234886,0.000378804,0.1178433,0.00001923867,0.00008501995,0.0005293071,0.0002300141,0.8615812,0.01366441,0.004420667,0.0009686689,0.00004447882],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.996505,0.00003489072,0.00138854,0.00005936453,0.00000658683,0.000005595904,0.0000892282,0.00007694087,0.001833873],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993119,0.00001181936,0.0004860557,0.000006937735,0.000004281669,0.000001539501,0.00005883487,0.000009795435,0.000108813],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001815341,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004074097,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009808764792586187,"score_gpt":0.2357997093609194,"score_spread":0.2259909445683332,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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