{"id":"W3157063504","doi":"10.3847/1538-4357/abf117","title":"The Polarized Image of a Synchrotron-emitting Ring of Gas Orbiting a Black Hole","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal","topic":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics; University of Toronto; Perimeter Institute; University of Waterloo; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; McGill University","funders":"Los Alamos National Laboratory; Astrophysics Division; Office of International Science and Engineering; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; National Nuclear Security Administration; Toray Science Foundation; Institut Périmètre de physique théorique; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; Academy of Finland; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Nuclear Safety and Security Commission; Generalitat Valenciana; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; China Scholarship Council; John Templeton Foundation; European Southern Observatory; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; National Science Foundation; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academia Sinica; Junta de Andalucía; Universiteit van Amsterdam; Harvard University; Radboud Universiteit; National Research Foundation; University of Arizona; Smithsonian Institution; International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Science and Technology Facilities Council; Universiteit Leiden; Associated Universities; Space Telescope Science Institute; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; Government of Canada; Vetenskapsrådet; U.S. Department of Energy; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; National Radio Astronomy Observatory; Kavli Foundation; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; University of Chicago; Compute Canada; Simons Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Flatiron Health","keywords":"Polarization (electrochemistry); Faraday effect; Rotating black hole; Schwarzschild radius; Black hole (networking); Event horizon; Gravitational lens; Magnetic field; Schwarzschild metric","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002391547,0.0001647804,0.0003298676,0.00001878669,0.0005438802,0.0001082333,0.0004052476,0.00001785844,0.00005962409],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005620773,0.00009895286,0.0003770984,0.0003055579,0.0003889453,0.0001740386,0.0002072145,0.0006129875,0.00001490929],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002231498,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001548844,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003307552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":3.587454e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983799,0.0001936405,0.0005360395,0.0001489868,0.000354976,0.0003864641],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982665,0.0004374637,0.0005272821,0.0003421444,0.0003274161,0.00009921911],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004469329,0.0002298516,0.0007666493,0.00001113959,0.0002400401,0.000004240584,0.000508071,0.003173131,0.901373,0.08109649,0.0000472643,0.01250542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007572386,0.0009986227,0.04155007,0.001097121,0.001112789,0.00001407514,0.03238894,0.1162487,0.5740831,0.2228094,0.0008124016,0.001312415],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9102659,0.0000333451,0.08785744,0.00074643,0.00007186041,0.00008296918,0.00001657747,0.000007442811,0.0009180681],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920414,0.000002705428,0.006678988,0.0000165647,0.001134087,0.000004327291,0.000004253509,0.00002127459,0.00009638885],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3272899,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4183142,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009808764792586187,"score_gpt":0.2357997093609194,"score_spread":0.2259909445683332,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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