{"id":"W3157757218","doi":"10.1039/d0nr09166a","title":"Hot carriers in graphene – fundamentals and applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nanoscale","topic":"Graphene research and applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":161,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke","funders":"H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies; H2020 European Research Council; Canada First Research Excellence Fund; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; European Commission; Leverhulme Trust; Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia","keywords":"Graphene; Charge carrier; Charge-carrier density; Field (mathematics); Phonon; Hot electron","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000124589,0.00005892414,0.00008974339,0.00005613568,0.0001135751,0.00005476385,0.00009588254,0.00003019268,0.0002387707],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001633774,0.00005868706,0.00002349481,0.0004125593,0.000115172,0.00008287791,0.00006231381,0.00005618644,0.0000647499],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001854678,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005721893,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007926688,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002073756,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992495,0.0000370468,0.000118662,0.0002450356,0.0001379997,0.0002117983],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995628,0.00004183663,0.00001994169,0.0002173541,0.00003898047,0.0001190813],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003650295,0.00006024565,0.004891672,0.00001144533,0.000001672172,0.000003037053,0.00005541329,0.000001984708,0.9852383,0.007105692,0.0003317828,0.002295137],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004383468,0.00002219699,0.04233521,0.00001419124,0.000005739503,0.00001338115,0.0005453854,0.00001624984,0.9073886,0.008977067,0.04008877,0.0001548775],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9952916,0.0007651295,0.0007243845,0.000503966,0.00002585426,0.0002246517,0.00005774595,0.00003091962,0.002375786],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979658,0.0002224156,0.001012572,0.0001038025,0.00002571781,0.0003144644,0.00001630551,0.000006330852,0.0003325772],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07784969,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2614371,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01602821997842751,"score_gpt":0.2829303128099017,"score_spread":0.2669020928314741,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}