{"id":"W3157931007","doi":"10.1029/2020ja028883","title":"Simultaneous Development of Multiple Auroral Substorms: Double Auroral Bulge Formation","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Saskatchewan","funders":"U.S. Geological Survey; Johns Hopkins University; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Danmarks Tekniske Universitet; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Substorm; Electrojet; Geophysics; Bulge; Plasma sheet; Ionosphere; Magnetosphere; Physics; Geology; Plasma; Astrophysics; Magnetic field; Earth's magnetic field","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001700095,0.000188695,0.0002546167,0.0005236671,0.0003341537,0.0004861018,0.00019034,0.0002497509,0.001600076],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005428722,0.0001469785,0.0002027543,0.0002397134,0.0003080161,0.0002744717,0.001239022,0.0003630243,0.0002241226],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002054276,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00009924751,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007331721,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001028848,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998516,0.000015623,0.00001397046,0.00003315524,0.00002754935,0.00005810829],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994032,0.00008111053,0.0001708089,0.0001194586,0.00007939369,0.0001460507],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008157395,0.0001090011,0.3182968,0.0001321114,0.0001250606,0.005849724,0.000838401,0.001259403,0.6403773,0.001285775,0.0004739817,0.03043678],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004327454,0.0004683862,0.8727547,0.00003142926,0.00008758111,0.007364833,0.0009362723,0.004159621,0.1086987,0.0008025766,0.004612768,0.00003999231],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9962916,0.000147846,0.002252078,0.00002006985,0.000008603886,0.00001422536,0.00004873416,0.00004864255,0.001168338],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991686,0.0000233584,0.0004127041,0.00000919986,0.000005391274,0.000006700724,0.00006419687,0.000004864714,0.0003049962],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001600076,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005352795,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03347260424395848,"score_gpt":0.3162830100462237,"score_spread":0.2828104058022652,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}