{"id":"W3159496412","doi":"10.1021/bk-2021-1379.ch001","title":"Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Bio-Oil to Synthetic Fuels: An Introductory Review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"ACS symposium series","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"","keywords":"Waste management; Biofuel; Diesel fuel; Fossil fuel; Renewable fuels; Environmental science; Gasoline; Combustion; Supercritical fluid; Biomass (ecology); Chemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000182421,0.0008627303,0.0007694488,0.001579011,0.0003034206,0.001267589,0.0007233983,0.0007215865,0.01069833],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002298994,0.00045199,0.0005425204,0.00254777,0.0002320224,0.001756929,0.0006299465,0.001411514,0.009592979],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004993192,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0005648128,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0006043219,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001552456,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998677,0.000008182473,0.000008469833,0.00002964517,0.00007015021,0.00001578089],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999353,0.00002211751,0.00000741627,0.000003694413,0.00002523222,0.000006260707],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006624484,0.000296746,0.0001259581,0.01831282,0.00005176374,0.0003120553,0.0002096613,0.001512164,0.03500847,0.02043794,0.1175835,0.8060827],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000002926455,0.00005446581,0.0001458579,0.0006553739,0.00001421915,0.0002798046,0.00002670443,0.0001592937,0.003359044,0.001622088,0.9936692,0.00001111087],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.001254016,0.9603226,0.002957135,0.0004107448,0.001473634,0.00004187351,0.0001820978,0.00009769963,0.03326021],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.003605501,0.9353812,0.00427827,0.0004585514,0.0005170478,0.00006381841,0.0004034454,0.00005496111,0.05523724],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01069833,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03578943,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008960384307454721,"score_gpt":0.202464851853476,"score_spread":0.1935044675460213,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}