{"id":"W3159720533","doi":"10.3390/atmos12050567","title":"Geographic Shift and Environment Change of U.S. Tornado Activities in a Warming Climate","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Atmosphere","topic":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Army Research Laboratory; Biological and Environmental Research; Office of Science; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Tornado; Environmental science; Climatology; Climate change; Convective available potential energy; Supercell; Meteorology; Atmospheric sciences; Geology; Geography; Convection","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001495308,0.0001483525,0.0001308667,0.0007378992,0.000320077,0.0004543352,0.00008857262,0.0001262192,0.0009699155],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005604348,0.00005865376,0.0002123066,0.0008821276,0.000277935,0.0002525344,0.0004843978,0.0002333391,0.000117227],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003139458,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002505596,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02378313,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04209627,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999253,0.00001192811,0.000005065583,0.00002634498,0.00001076987,0.00002073914],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996736,0.00003246449,0.0001452106,0.00002879597,0.00005898923,0.00006092963],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009441838,0.00002496954,0.9869282,0.00001661467,0.00006049032,0.00007076595,0.0004102681,0.001069125,0.002350824,0.0001907913,0.0006171269,0.008166485],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001008747,0.000008061898,0.998854,0.000002483421,0.000004732534,0.0000133414,0.0002248259,0.0004585552,0.00008124404,0.00002770547,0.0003213948,0.000002637873],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988191,0.00004957619,0.000118391,0.00004491128,0.000007481781,0.000001887062,0.0004216811,0.000009177166,0.0005278761],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993533,0.00004076319,0.0001293723,0.00001022221,0.000007364717,0.000002192019,0.0003718194,0.000002209885,0.00008269795],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02378313,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04728937,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02240593573439871,"score_gpt":0.208430974508965,"score_spread":0.1860250387745663,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}