{"id":"W3160593634","doi":"","title":"THE NOTION OF CAUSATION AND THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE (COMMON LAW) / EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL PERSONAL LIABILITY (CIVIL LAW) IN CANADA: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Comparative Law Review","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Font; Causation; Law; Plaintiff; Subject (documents); Tort; Liability; Political science; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004027519,0.000266529,0.0005645644,0.006415254,0.01667021,0.00885581,0.001652714,0.002178506,0.005233894],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01184748,0.0003283616,0.0004359764,0.01241609,0.02119172,0.003587815,0.003107409,0.002308106,0.0001586778],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.2102065,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.1670649,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9945906,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9965925,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9950599,0.001041259,0.0001483919,0.0004108066,0.00201546,0.001324141],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9916978,0.003445466,0.001066114,0.0002245096,0.002817404,0.0007487386],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004253713,0.00006147351,0.03016933,0.0002856188,0.00003748816,0.0009706516,0.04184698,0.00139532,0.0002187623,0.8961557,0.004392993,0.02442317],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00005112955,0.00009693471,0.3185205,0.002668556,0.0002881699,0.001742308,0.2953558,0.006649667,0.0004080538,0.1245824,0.2493754,0.0002609169],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5739815,0.0263498,0.003791926,0.02878856,0.0001979916,0.0001360492,0.0007015635,0.00002472607,0.3660279],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9889809,0.005096746,0.0008932971,0.000672385,0.0000218313,0.00001637215,0.00007352621,0.000007420822,0.00423758],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2102065,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9160485,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08384578857365736,"score_gpt":0.2838622573618689,"score_spread":0.2000164687882116,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}