{"id":"W3160632722","doi":"10.1002/pst.2132","title":"Selection bias, investment decisions and treatment effect distributions","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Pharmaceutical Statistics","topic":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Caprion (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Selection (genetic algorithm); Selection bias; Bayesian probability; Phase (matter); Investment (military); Econometrics; Distribution (mathematics); Computer science; Actuarial science; Economics; Risk analysis (engineering); Statistics; Business; Machine learning; Mathematics; Artificial intelligence; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002640902,0.0001941291,0.0006048679,0.00008690225,0.0003140394,0.0001111238,0.00006558957,0.00008395516,0.0007801967],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006780798,0.0002103939,0.00006426611,0.0002082663,0.00009025753,0.000125933,0.00004846507,0.0001439017,0.0008566207],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007755033,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001382159,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000135691,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001015721,"domain_scores_codex":[0.997064,0.0004344603,0.001578716,0.0004710622,0.00008556677,0.0003661885],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9950864,0.003863732,0.0003663227,0.0002058307,0.00007430238,0.0004033761],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002644253,0.0003712028,0.06259993,0.00010768,0.0002123042,0.00001572732,0.000255506,0.00005219362,0.00003220448,0.8955689,0.03284092,0.007916984],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.003108189,0.0004515735,0.05009127,0.00006227459,0.0001295073,0.00007190704,0.0001025095,0.06032215,0.000765498,0.0772756,0.8070099,0.0006096222],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2569971,0.009057231,0.6706946,0.03704201,0.001757738,0.002020237,0.01591988,0.0002399566,0.006271232],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8732437,0.004983284,0.09754973,0.01933631,0.0007816728,0.0005247695,0.001577191,0.00009153116,0.001911805],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8182933,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999213,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5404197726327826,"score_gpt":0.5112801002807985,"score_spread":0.02913967235198411,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}