{"id":"W3161120845","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2024492118","title":"Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":141,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Victoria","funders":"Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Natural Environment Research Council; Sight Research UK; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","keywords":"Aquifer; Contamination; Groundwater contamination; Environmental science; Groundwater; Groundwater flow; Water resource management; Geology; Geotechnical engineering; Biology; Ecology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009720217,0.0001051265,0.00021628,0.00009050411,0.0001757947,0.00001544476,0.0004718584,0.00006307841,0.00009309135],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004185643,0.00007132374,0.00008617917,0.0007786348,0.001156883,0.0005711666,0.0003062226,0.00009475987,0.000003123331],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007139692,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001889113,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001283657,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000007340225,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9979002,0.00001921159,0.0004661836,0.0002402096,0.001244129,0.0001300732],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998942,0.0001280491,0.0006023984,0.00001426658,0.0002871224,0.00002620279],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002980864,0.0002207877,0.3161676,0.0001266928,0.00008592418,2.767159e-8,0.00291527,0.001050282,0.6626183,0.008732079,0.0006373532,0.007415855],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002374028,0.00005766443,0.4955478,0.0000600026,0.00003523654,0.000002771655,0.001001507,0.002874794,0.4904162,0.009577958,0.0001118514,0.00007679097],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9965644,0.0000539082,0.0001549838,0.0009329098,0.00002416395,0.0001157401,0.00001521415,0.000006763691,0.002131943],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9966426,0.00003187076,0.002724324,0.00007216527,0.00001097571,0.000006763424,6.223346e-7,0.000003642896,0.0005070159],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1793803,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4262583,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02552668013707474,"score_gpt":0.269208055047594,"score_spread":0.2436813749105192,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}