{"id":"W3162069276","doi":"10.1177/03611981211010797","title":"Long-Distance Airport Substitution and Air Market Leakage: Empirical Investigations in the U.S. Midwest","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","topic":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":11,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Leakage (economics); Air travel; Air transport; Aviation; International airport; Business; Service (business); Transport engineering; Engineering; Marketing; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001835421,0.0002812602,0.0003501926,0.0008056356,0.0009996379,0.001478087,0.0007621933,0.0005324051,0.002146185],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007665875,0.0003194675,0.0006476886,0.002647394,0.001211202,0.00195684,0.001744477,0.001022538,0.0002115789],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001590967,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001518802,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1019946,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.1665069,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989021,0.0004968134,0.000103042,0.0001367663,0.0001403812,0.0002209041],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9895054,0.003908047,0.004865555,0.0004027411,0.0006728295,0.0006454471],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001001136,0.0002395863,0.9925327,0.00002892666,0.0000816301,0.000279471,0.001816358,0.0008651043,0.0001473476,0.0003049505,0.0002179503,0.003386024],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001299463,0.0002244481,0.9763309,0.00008235654,0.00007523411,0.000158866,0.01868433,0.002921521,0.0002035083,0.0002642917,0.001023853,0.00001762335],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9994092,0.00007320819,0.00007271958,0.00006678516,0.00000111979,0.000005812705,0.00007298108,9.582474e-7,0.0002972304],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993506,0.0001237879,0.0001155566,0.00005367539,0.000002157436,0.000009437485,0.0001350368,0.000001493327,0.0002083224],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1019946,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2028018,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1594352194147998,"score_gpt":0.370348132958345,"score_spread":0.2109129135435452,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}