{"id":"W3163100574","doi":"10.1007/s00170-021-07173-5","title":"Additive, subtractive, and formative manufacturing of metal components: a life cycle assessment comparison","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","topic":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University; Fleming College","funders":"","keywords":"Environmentally friendly; Subtractive color; Life-cycle assessment; Machining; Industrial and production engineering; Process engineering; Embodied energy; Process (computing); Manufacturing engineering; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; Computer science; Production (economics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003062847,0.001244387,0.0006533338,0.004606217,0.0005012624,0.001698927,0.001234049,0.0007359353,0.002211384],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003807589,0.0003464815,0.001737453,0.002258176,0.0003363613,0.001221655,0.0006346115,0.0004312998,0.0004795769],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002813736,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001727884,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007188246,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01101869,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981157,0.0003536869,0.00008107984,0.0001046866,0.001221308,0.000123695],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9948028,0.001771679,0.0004845196,0.0002381469,0.002578181,0.0001246225],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.002975193,0.001266176,0.04354494,0.002451391,0.0005746941,0.0003217731,0.0005660745,0.2819726,0.08481467,0.005590518,0.001513373,0.5744085],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001556474,0.02111443,0.09986159,0.0006471145,0.002399412,0.001182721,0.00213898,0.5079019,0.3247352,0.01074727,0.02869607,0.0004197606],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9251013,0.008524049,0.04408361,0.0002071315,0.00003711681,0.0005408685,0.001526416,0.0001692652,0.01981012],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.969396,0.003135502,0.0204466,0.00005362045,0.00001189997,0.0002538973,0.0009658425,0.00004548713,0.005691094],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007188246,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02041525,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01251805646591711,"score_gpt":0.2676189632387754,"score_spread":0.2551009067728582,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}