{"id":"W3163100574","doi":"10.1007/s00170-021-07173-5","title":"Additive, subtractive, and formative manufacturing of metal components: a life cycle assessment comparison","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","topic":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","field":"Engineering","cited_by":74,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University; Fleming College","funders":"","keywords":"Environmentally friendly; Subtractive color; Life-cycle assessment; Machining; Industrial and production engineering; Process engineering; Embodied energy; Process (computing); Manufacturing engineering; Engineering; Mechanical engineering; Computer science; Production (economics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002313981,0.0002477744,0.0004988509,0.0004302024,0.00009032426,0.00004074626,0.0007891844,0.0001368545,0.00005216448],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002023556,0.0001974435,0.0001276687,0.00008843309,0.0002805577,0.0003514343,0.0004468693,0.0008825329,0.000002681942],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001173965,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004239634,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004347919,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005895209,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984223,0.00004030511,0.0007015751,0.000181718,0.0003947641,0.000259289],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985149,0.000352036,0.0005600295,0.0002730693,0.0002459127,0.00005404601],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004167167,0.0005706365,0.0007026398,0.0002428563,0.005299404,0.0004943483,0.001421506,0.2238557,0.1503602,0.01089324,0.000886702,0.6048561],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007569754,0.00008699952,0.0129407,0.0001599248,0.00005026559,0.0003118164,0.002161543,0.001443281,0.967705,0.01094798,0.00324888,0.0001866376],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9868395,0.0005396245,0.009631542,0.001282377,0.0006453441,0.00009471147,0.00003804982,0.0002250517,0.0007037904],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9869882,0.0007653012,0.01208832,0.00003868645,0.00006246991,0.000008532466,0.000008759867,0.00002731565,0.00001242907],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8173448,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.805151,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01251805646591711,"score_gpt":0.2676189632387754,"score_spread":0.2551009067728582,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}