{"id":"W3163881436","doi":"10.1109/access.2021.3081479","title":"A Spam Transformer Model for SMS Spam Detection","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Access","topic":"Spam and Phishing Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":114,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"Computer science; Transformer; Spamming; Short Message Service; Spambot; Machine learning; Artificial intelligence; Data mining; Computer network; World Wide Web; The Internet; Engineering; Voltage","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001559633,0.0001072618,0.0001153254,0.0000710802,0.0001755831,0.0004279359,0.0005196912,0.00008530693,0.000008154347],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002449011,0.0001074064,0.0001036492,0.0003785318,0.00001257587,0.001263673,0.0000270714,0.0001045373,0.00001378742],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004100306,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007568418,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005299817,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002693634,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990623,0.00002134019,0.0001533484,0.0003586651,0.0001758693,0.000228498],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993656,0.00005029124,0.00004547192,0.0003388977,0.0001348073,0.00006488495],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001263831,0.0003025355,0.0004308078,0.0002142147,0.0001087895,0.00002862042,0.002924627,0.06015046,0.2664713,0.005439469,0.003567515,0.6602353],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002602002,0.00002990274,0.00012918,0.000008305592,0.000008537574,0.00001483882,0.000003687472,0.6479036,0.3408521,0.00911978,0.001550085,0.0001198813],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06296917,0.00005048383,0.9338928,0.000440954,0.001647898,0.000159726,0.000003631739,0.0001740659,0.0006612982],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9920931,0.00001669212,0.006649125,0.0004383813,0.0002263827,0.00007251829,0.000001989685,0.00001249321,0.0004893084],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9291239,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4379904,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05797368719015953,"score_gpt":0.3102206889227196,"score_spread":0.2522470017325601,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}