{"id":"W3163969504","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.061","title":"Retrofitting abandoned petroleum wells as doublet deep borehole heat exchangers for geothermal energy production—a numerical investigation","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Renewable Energy","topic":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","field":"Energy","cited_by":55,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund; Alberta Innovates","keywords":"Borehole; Geothermal gradient; Geothermal energy; Heat exchanger; Thermosiphon; Inlet; Heat transfer; Retrofitting; Geology; Petroleum engineering; Mechanics; Engineering; Geotechnical engineering; Geomorphology; Mechanical engineering; Geophysics; Structural engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002910673,0.0004539434,0.0005653282,0.0001785835,0.0005424784,0.0001493467,0.0003093055,0.000303036,0.0004723342],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000124252,0.0004675644,0.0003003414,0.0007432747,0.00009993758,0.0002925909,0.00009790054,0.0001240506,0.00003447835],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001960971,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002492585,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1354073,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005804536,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9967324,0.0002144431,0.0007159512,0.00103805,0.0004569519,0.0008421846],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980696,0.0001373054,0.0002484395,0.0008642497,0.0003366867,0.0003437516],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007054472,0.0001019575,0.0001518709,0.00004218885,0.0001248048,0.00001207332,0.0001186603,0.8488017,0.09392528,0.05173956,0.002618161,0.002293205],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001142699,0.00008870416,0.0001156015,0.00006799704,0.0000620737,0.00008220608,0.0002616962,0.05974134,0.2916722,0.003122737,0.6430707,0.0005720372],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4216303,0.01140124,0.2907055,0.01968265,0.007622423,0.001150933,0.0001409778,0.002961924,0.2447041],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9207952,0.000181703,0.002378498,0.001801009,0.002426073,0.001011173,0.0006586977,0.0001883174,0.07055934],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7890604,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997776,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01422741332331575,"score_gpt":0.2231511763274989,"score_spread":0.2089237630041831,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}