{"id":"W3167159522","doi":"10.1016/j.cjca.2021.05.012","title":"Emulating a Randomised Controlled Trial With Observational Data: An Introduction to the Target Trial Framework","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Montreal Heart Institute; Université de Montréal; McGill University Health Centre; McGill University","funders":"Faculty of Medicine, McGill University","keywords":"Medicine; Observational study; Randomized controlled trial; Physical therapy; Medical physics; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.06226947,0.002421453,0.006994443,0.002503629,0.0003538074,0.004058769,0.004631215,0.004170827,0.004874971],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1343504,0.001313693,0.006409105,0.003035424,0.002836458,0.004204058,0.002461159,0.01015026,0.001021852],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00241425,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004429459,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002746632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001757238,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9353949,0.05791328,0.002407473,0.00146137,0.002601339,0.000221707],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8127428,0.181063,0.002099923,0.002128408,0.001650642,0.0003152704],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004142374,0.0001032957,0.0006321209,0.009308661,0.002599324,0.0002148011,0.0002413784,0.09025972,0.0002996878,0.6884747,0.008606104,0.1988461],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005385901,0.0002577766,0.0002896147,0.002254477,0.0008878134,0.0002365275,0.00003907793,0.1547463,0.0002974777,0.8208632,0.01949633,0.00009276721],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004868172,0.06423185,0.9269172,0.005482806,0.000794474,0.0002421544,0.000351687,0.0002455811,0.001247459],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.05835418,0.1196225,0.8034702,0.004945805,0.005607186,0.004543504,0.0005460371,0.0003132077,0.002597407],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9377306,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3293163,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3421173803111958,"score_gpt":0.4562101478522679,"score_spread":0.1140927675410721,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}