{"id":"W3167159522","doi":"10.1016/j.cjca.2021.05.012","title":"Emulating a Randomised Controlled Trial With Observational Data: An Introduction to the Target Trial Framework","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Canadian Journal of Cardiology","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":64,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Montreal Heart Institute; Université de Montréal; McGill University Health Centre; McGill University","funders":"Faculty of Medicine, McGill University","keywords":"Medicine; Observational study; Randomized controlled trial; Physical therapy; Medical physics; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004463494,0.000406513,0.004638335,0.0003368729,0.0001955179,0.0001104238,0.001092495,0.0005012936,0.00006534501],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02472511,0.0002384295,0.0006253422,0.00039537,0.0001265641,0.0002547206,0.00005666656,0.001379492,0.000001889063],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003499999,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006359193,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003685306,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004147126,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9947714,0.002332675,0.00171568,0.000436404,0.0003224446,0.0004213618],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9919472,0.003937908,0.00168281,0.00124353,0.0007367091,0.0004518708],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.6077651,0.00003809861,0.000003457441,0.000931289,0.006498469,0.0004979538,0.0003613566,0.002265797,4.686873e-7,0.06056179,0.1007864,0.2202898],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.2088885,0.0008416689,1.028663e-7,0.0009526822,0.001329711,0.0003441148,0.00003893902,0.000007216887,8.44587e-8,0.008587983,0.7787893,0.0002196452],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0000443559,0.6182334,0.3653947,0.001798448,0.004742807,0.009356904,0.0001922283,0.00003589263,0.000201262],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0002490168,0.5089835,0.3422548,0.0005139226,0.1446073,0.00177401,0.001051774,0.000341431,0.0002242877],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.678003,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9992738,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.3421173803111958,"score_gpt":0.4562101478522679,"score_spread":0.1140927675410721,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}