{"id":"W3168418648","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3465152","title":"The Speech Act of Presumption by Reversal of Burden of Proof","year":2014,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Dispute Resolution and Class Actions","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Burden of proof; Presumption; Speech act; Proof of concept; Law and economics; Law; Psychology; Philosophy; Linguistics; Economics; Political science; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001166353,0.00007116482,0.0001335649,0.00007690806,0.0001138346,0.00002981766,0.0002258001,0.00003902028,0.00003791153],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001021238,0.00005046557,0.0001025013,0.0001708153,0.00006485338,0.000284894,0.00003481767,0.0003446316,0.000007038776],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006816519,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001537064,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002321766,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002454405,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988581,0.00002123067,0.0003049112,0.00007249823,0.0002574846,0.0004857863],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991291,0.00003347032,0.0005260208,0.0001290146,0.000175344,0.000007020794],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002007573,0.0002067893,0.002375097,0.0001319269,0.0002872628,1.445086e-7,0.00004406176,0.000199096,0.02316241,0.8116911,0.008630218,0.1530711],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002916811,0.000357717,0.004450522,0.0002231124,0.0004173207,0.00005044034,0.003346852,0.009705362,0.007597673,0.1921359,0.7783884,0.0004098886],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8908355,0.002746491,0.01368562,0.005003411,0.000636616,0.0004795768,0.000005906395,0.0000404809,0.08656637],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977766,0.0005306515,0.00001337362,0.00001841484,0.0003145231,0.000001444186,0.000003223518,0.000008885678,0.001332863],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7697582,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2057926,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006039609129784606,"score_gpt":0.2171392450236889,"score_spread":0.2110996358939043,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}