{"id":"W3168548811","doi":"10.29173/irie416","title":"Ethical and technical challenges of AI in tackling hate speech","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Information Ethics","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Social media; Moderation; Process (computing); Computer science; Pipeline (software); Scale (ratio); Data science; World Wide Web; Machine learning","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.201815,0.001249079,0.001314898,0.00526613,0.005606798,0.01636836,0.004663336,0.007040136,0.002734777],"category_scores_gemma":[0.3330024,0.001002435,0.0009874828,0.003072943,0.02262429,0.01910092,0.008746298,0.01075607,0.001514548],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004060311,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00792794,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002752243,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002550615,"domain_scores_codex":[0.7431474,0.2061671,0.008093211,0.008421456,0.0317632,0.002407585],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.3713604,0.5167031,0.02063605,0.04296164,0.04486731,0.003471543],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000194878,0.0004434606,0.02619235,0.00270622,0.0002481161,0.0009255346,0.03828342,0.008117932,0.006294073,0.4998343,0.01708277,0.3996769],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006177039,0.0002948437,0.007342108,0.003095466,0.0001046322,0.001983455,0.02508129,0.04347745,0.009453106,0.7812832,0.1275396,0.0002830583],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03348161,0.009436944,0.7730451,0.1300056,0.0015972,0.001023093,0.0002027508,0.0006924668,0.05051532],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5663614,0.005377636,0.4051272,0.01304238,0.0014802,0.002246237,0.0002604161,0.0003724868,0.005732073],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.201815,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9843042,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02863628928553276,"score_gpt":0.3265391400057995,"score_spread":0.2979028507202668,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}