{"id":"W3168548811","doi":"10.29173/irie416","title":"Ethical and technical challenges of AI in tackling hate speech","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Information Ethics","topic":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Social media; Moderation; Process (computing); Computer science; Pipeline (software); Scale (ratio); Data science; World Wide Web; Machine learning","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002983089,0.00005849706,0.0001422321,0.00007299757,0.00002889099,0.00003103364,0.0004156799,0.0001373291,0.00001090504],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0026564,0.0000437555,0.00004565713,0.0002068459,0.00006277019,0.0004649131,0.0002010328,0.0008678284,0.000008527704],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002410283,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001554814,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000014248,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002198163,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986769,0.0001243032,0.0005118074,0.00007639123,0.0005419653,0.00006861921],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998525,0.0004119696,0.0002095699,0.0002153804,0.0006176205,0.00002045143],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005366866,0.00001945906,0.0000173457,0.001840454,0.00001441022,0.00000244771,0.0009003204,0.00003377444,0.0005867861,0.8413136,0.0002415584,0.1550245],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002613316,0.000462212,0.02047775,0.07355875,0.00009128325,0.002317714,0.001316487,0.06332643,0.1773756,0.2931927,0.3640301,0.00123773],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.007591011,0.0278009,0.1870765,0.7464626,0.0009480399,0.0005292022,0.00001013673,0.00009196004,0.02948961],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.6700021,0.2688199,0.02903691,0.03200033,0.00005489064,0.00002099781,0.00001728115,0.000006096982,0.00004150336],"genre_candidate":"commentary","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7144623,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3770331,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02863628928553276,"score_gpt":0.3265391400057995,"score_spread":0.2979028507202668,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}