{"id":"W3170648056","doi":"10.1088/1361-6595/ac0a4a","title":"2D radial-azimuthal particle-in-cell benchmark for <b>E</b> <b>×</b> <b>B</b> discharges","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Plasma Sources Science and Technology","topic":"Plasma Diagnostics and Applications","field":"Engineering","cited_by":88,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Air Force Research Laboratory; U.S. Air Force; Safran; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Grand Équipement National De Calcul Intensif; U.S. Department of Energy; Safran Aircraft Engines; Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie; Fusion Energy Sciences; Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca; Canadian Network for Research and Innovation in Machining Technology, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Office of Science; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Compute Canada; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Particle-in-cell; Benchmark (surveying); Instability; Plasma; Azimuth; Convergence (economics); Stability (learning theory); Code (set theory); Interval (graph theory); Cyclotron; Particle (ecology); Computational physics; Physics; Algorithm; Mathematics; Statistical physics; Computer science; Mechanics; Nuclear physics; Optics; Combinatorics; Set (abstract data type); Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003911619,0.0003998299,0.0005519142,0.0003565865,0.0005975275,0.0008353916,0.0009304119,0.0009229506,0.003354532],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001447537,0.0001572301,0.000434738,0.0005291273,0.000482192,0.0004749428,0.0005917374,0.0007770297,0.0002700141],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005528413,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006071366,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.007307941,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003770295,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998031,0.00004682194,0.000008003096,0.00002614522,0.00006486185,0.00005110493],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990208,0.0005579156,0.00005055263,0.00008616063,0.0001903814,0.00009423459],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002706951,0.0001283839,0.00452939,0.0001033677,0.0000477973,0.0002813308,0.00006817601,0.9828166,0.003455338,0.003816094,0.001703667,0.002779316],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004353409,0.00008246426,0.001283417,0.000007050962,0.000008524248,0.0000535696,0.00005689993,0.994032,0.002749775,0.0009562304,0.0007133152,0.00001320814],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9549495,0.0002843751,0.02056578,0.0003896068,0.0001110611,0.0000618695,0.002215384,0.0005405703,0.02088171],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9923196,0.00005927479,0.005615874,0.00005337217,0.00001317262,0.00004741662,0.0008287068,0.00007720398,0.0009853351],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007307941,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01453084,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007659586266431204,"score_gpt":0.210937259637872,"score_spread":0.2032776733714408,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}