{"id":"W3172372830","doi":"","title":"Proximate Cause Untangled","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Digital Commons at University of Maryland Carey Law (University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law)","topic":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"York University","keywords":"Proximate and ultimate causation; Duty; Harm; Tort; Plaintiff; Liability; Duty of care; Prima facie; Element (criminal law); Law and economics; Res ipsa loquitur; Damages; Business; Law; Actuarial science; Economics; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01285171,0.001654286,0.002482147,0.003858573,0.00385879,0.01099049,0.003520414,0.008851291,0.03022227],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03133685,0.001137674,0.002789365,0.001893843,0.02870804,0.0217004,0.01735497,0.01853313,0.003576017],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007100691,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.008447376,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005206394,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004585274,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9836151,0.004168748,0.001023907,0.004402664,0.005394054,0.001395632],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9812355,0.009430524,0.001400604,0.004863792,0.002394668,0.0006749272],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001300726,0.00001031192,0.0003494133,0.00008741504,0.00002391506,0.00018112,0.0004401376,0.0003903334,0.00009379427,0.9892839,0.002286766,0.006839931],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001081717,0.00001415473,0.0003307677,0.0002338053,0.0000322445,0.0002952854,0.0002724362,0.0005953506,0.0001531656,0.9482188,0.049826,0.0000172561],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.01426374,0.03069554,0.2677089,0.08158355,0.005215019,0.0002794894,0.0005943212,0.0003765904,0.5992828],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.789322,0.02228286,0.03881296,0.0394162,0.004549311,0.0005071432,0.0005319114,0.0005516728,0.104026],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.03022227,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1011035,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01783456043345083,"score_gpt":0.1722412606114333,"score_spread":0.1544067001779825,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}