{"id":"W3174643000","doi":"10.1007/s00244-021-00867-7","title":"Toward the Circular Economy of Rare Earth Elements: A Review of Abundance, Extraction, Applications, and Environmental Impacts","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Circular economy; Sustainability; Natural resource economics; Rare earth; Environmental impact assessment; Tailings; Business; Environmental protection; Environmental science; Economics; Ecology; Earth science; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001203658,0.0001973808,0.0007087695,0.0001057573,0.00004132803,0.000006622006,0.0001015479,0.00008879239,0.0002285909],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001438113,0.0001708361,0.0001296628,0.00005587089,0.0002801458,0.0001156993,0.00004945627,0.0001522075,0.000001866019],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002426208,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002679988,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":4.81979e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001232466,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987592,0.0001187033,0.0007291134,0.0002000769,0.00009080136,0.0001021105],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990491,0.0002623869,0.000456272,0.0001780849,0.00000452098,0.00004958693],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003931403,0.0001823385,0.00007876084,0.04813891,0.0003200512,0.000001377641,0.0002890007,0.000006084766,0.001112045,0.0008881636,0.00006291,0.9489164],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002627659,0.00007508475,0.0007106903,0.003480648,0.0003206446,0.00008547844,0.0003639211,0.0000831803,0.0003724257,0.00008272043,0.9939856,0.0001768394],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000165821,0.9964014,0.00101098,0.00003293994,0.00003051567,0.0007205841,0.0001809041,0.000007854771,0.001448945],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.02483785,0.9743147,0.0001354862,0.00006666785,0.00001492554,0.000146112,0.0003733611,0.00001794527,0.00009297208],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9939227,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6966496,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01461095469381454,"score_gpt":0.2686183008808037,"score_spread":0.2540073461869892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}