{"id":"W3174643000","doi":"10.1007/s00244-021-00867-7","title":"Toward the Circular Economy of Rare Earth Elements: A Review of Abundance, Extraction, Applications, and Environmental Impacts","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":109,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Trent University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Circular economy; Sustainability; Natural resource economics; Rare earth; Environmental impact assessment; Tailings; Business; Environmental protection; Environmental science; Economics; Ecology; Earth science; Chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001595848,0.0007031842,0.001547423,0.003230182,0.0004021523,0.001905852,0.0009835239,0.001452171,0.003362951],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001889752,0.0003643337,0.000593386,0.004698065,0.001174882,0.003480221,0.001064095,0.001554701,0.001053345],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001349101,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002525746,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002166955,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004599333,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994991,0.0001046114,0.00006348926,0.00007600147,0.0002122999,0.00004450469],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988422,0.0007325107,0.0001363224,0.00003665438,0.0002207111,0.00003161442],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006711444,0.0000771421,0.0002412557,0.04012318,0.0001380099,0.0001268563,0.0001302717,0.0008297948,0.001946461,0.07032023,0.02809352,0.8579062],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000698954,0.00006575625,0.0004741389,0.007088526,0.00008289997,0.0002972527,0.0001128706,0.0001152002,0.0007032171,0.01182787,0.9792032,0.0000220633],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001013131,0.9986013,0.0001648149,0.0003517082,0.00007372357,0.000001770715,0.00001454934,0.000002499529,0.0006883799],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0006844628,0.9986324,0.0002111435,0.0001492764,0.00006641028,0.000002563185,0.00001051357,0.000001118146,0.0002421577],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003362951,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0112502,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01461095469381454,"score_gpt":0.2686183008808037,"score_spread":0.2540073461869892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}