{"id":"W3176350818","doi":"10.1109/rbme.2021.3092197","title":"CMOS Time-to-Digital Converters for Biomedical Imaging Applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering","topic":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":32,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"CMOS; Photodetector; Converters; Computer science; Single-photon avalanche diode; Image sensor; Electronic engineering; Avalanche photodiode; Detector; Materials science; Electrical engineering; Optoelectronics; Engineering; Voltage; Artificial intelligence; Telecommunications","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000369594,0.001025231,0.0006299519,0.001827192,0.000283996,0.0009003665,0.001001404,0.001263815,0.007561624],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005605093,0.0003600068,0.0004017511,0.002218975,0.000428015,0.001539494,0.0006918577,0.001846529,0.006913225],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006926575,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009347853,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008704748,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009836977,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997559,0.00002096064,0.00002462069,0.0000450291,0.0001323002,0.00002118402],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997658,0.00007904709,0.00002989547,0.00001039141,0.00009715285,0.00001771939],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003227911,0.00006397229,0.00007881395,0.007103858,0.00002771064,0.0001298046,0.00004231404,0.0005715968,0.009034866,0.0126401,0.03391518,0.9363595],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005475998,0.00004445047,0.0001637688,0.0007191866,0.00001941768,0.000445899,0.00001606769,0.0001766223,0.001842491,0.00226828,0.9942861,0.00001206972],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002255746,0.9876106,0.002870092,0.0004726826,0.0006277454,0.00002702805,0.00005559411,0.00006120878,0.00804945],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00224968,0.9874879,0.002969873,0.0004433804,0.0004479515,0.00003551658,0.00009739841,0.000008313953,0.006260005],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007561624,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02529615,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01934266585135809,"score_gpt":0.3132566400491735,"score_spread":0.2939139741978155,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}