{"id":"W3178144966","doi":"10.1017/s0272263121000279","title":"QUANTIFYING THE DIFFERENCE IN READING FLUENCY BETWEEN L1 AND L2 READERS OF ENGLISH","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":22,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"German; Fluency; Spelling; Linguistics; Reading (process); Vocabulary; Psychology; Component (thermodynamics); Disadvantaged; Set (abstract data type); Language proficiency; Computer science; Mathematics education","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000463032,0.0001108135,0.0002662092,0.0001175383,0.00005786088,0.00001554532,0.00008345261,0.00006004745,0.0002388579],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000304991,0.00008706402,0.00002557463,0.0002822189,0.0001116134,0.00006765632,0.00007905519,0.0001755235,0.000003186038],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000472773,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001226473,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001249994,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002518072,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988897,0.0002036112,0.0003393744,0.0002640832,0.00009483399,0.0002083424],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991182,0.0004690081,0.00008957066,0.0002150693,0.00008969412,0.00001844431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002090746,0.00003690916,0.2739357,0.000158793,0.0001113478,0.0001180247,0.7035321,5.984851e-7,0.001477454,0.0006508571,0.0003045271,0.01965279],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004799312,0.0000247362,0.7394551,0.000364273,0.00001416209,0.000006126337,0.2569322,0.000001638482,0.00212411,0.0002396943,0.0002366571,0.0001213013],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9830982,0.01156548,0.00001470628,0.00007259228,0.000516838,0.0001028196,0.00001338412,0.00001541479,0.004600558],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986813,0.0001492104,0.000212832,0.0002007735,0.0001253382,0.00002791401,0.00002327638,0.000008676278,0.0005706603],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4655195,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3550368,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05248498332269266,"score_gpt":0.3652960362281577,"score_spread":0.312811052905465,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}