{"id":"W3179233119","doi":"10.1037/dev0001220","title":"Individual differences in the development of children’s arithmetic fluency from grades 2 to 3.","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Developmental Psychology","topic":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Wilfrid Laurier University; Concordia University; University of Ottawa; University of Winnipeg; Carleton University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Subtraction; Fluency; Multiplication (music); Psychology; Arithmetic; PsycINFO; Cognition; Vocabulary; Verbal fluency test; Developmental psychology; Cognitive development; Cognitive psychology; Mathematics education; Mathematics; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005009708,0.0002730723,0.0004827745,0.0001725273,0.0001068165,0.00003838364,0.0005810703,0.0001139806,0.0005857222],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000501811,0.0002011826,0.00006663216,0.0006024351,0.0001046569,0.00006865527,0.0002724242,0.0002261047,0.000228556],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006066726,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001817014,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001515484,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004336853,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9975253,0.0001680156,0.0008794958,0.0005001361,0.0005295637,0.0003975412],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988165,0.0006499178,0.0001254693,0.000237666,0.00007398144,0.0000964221],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001875914,0.007802601,0.6595551,0.000170171,0.001128491,0.0003108978,0.1203771,9.838683e-8,0.01140576,0.02087452,0.0119424,0.1662453],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000683593,0.00003835768,0.8914916,0.0001324744,0.0000185668,0.00005887138,0.002456925,1.601106e-7,0.009319537,0.09531629,0.0001921506,0.0002914878],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9925199,0.00008234636,0.001113304,0.0008115231,0.0001290643,0.0003820119,0.0000286141,0.00004145349,0.004891749],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8270068,0.000006319165,0.1714512,0.001293057,0.00002560243,0.00008458569,0.00004251755,0.00002167716,0.00006821015],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2319365,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8203987,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07678613398447266,"score_gpt":0.3454711773536757,"score_spread":0.268685043369203,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}