{"id":"W3182317422","doi":"10.1049/cps2.12020","title":"Covert channels in stochastic cyber‐physical systems","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IET Cyber-Physical Systems Theory & Applications","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Computer science; Covert channel; Exploit; Acknowledgement; Channel (broadcasting); Cyber-physical system; Computer security; Decoding methods; Computer network; Covert; Algorithm","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000283347,0.0003888908,0.0006795773,0.0001094312,0.00019107,0.0001755356,0.0004610168,0.0001760281,0.00001004523],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004977097,0.0003792576,0.00020439,0.000977983,0.0001665288,0.0002097081,0.000100958,0.0005312029,0.0007293056],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000206507,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007320862,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009697856,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001481729,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976077,0.0002125309,0.0004919635,0.0006166383,0.0004472114,0.0006239277],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9979165,0.0007449835,0.00008175445,0.0008710983,0.0001276485,0.0002580448],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000133028,0.0005937336,0.00002917316,0.0002813874,0.0001100196,0.00002219153,0.001759162,0.5446287,0.0184129,0.4326993,0.0008369824,0.0006131906],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001792374,0.0001441779,0.0009702907,0.001057414,0.0002615275,0.0002269168,0.004356421,0.8919441,0.006847925,0.0389438,0.05091529,0.002539838],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8316459,0.003022843,0.1474803,0.0001569697,0.002548462,0.002723004,0.0002601214,0.001058807,0.01110355],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9950985,0.00002308724,0.00001265278,0.00002343453,0.002050642,0.002043267,0.00006692033,0.00007522527,0.0006062425],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3937555,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998659,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006971608512411442,"score_gpt":0.2258769110518787,"score_spread":0.2189053025394673,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}