{"id":"W3186488124","doi":"10.3390/en14144298","title":"Microwave Torrefaction of Oat Hull: Effect of Temperature and Residence Time","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Energies","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":25,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Torrefaction; Residence time (fluid dynamics); Biomass (ecology); Heat of combustion; Pulp and paper industry; Moisture; Chemistry; Microwave; Environmental science; Materials science; Agronomy; Combustion; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00003206058,0.00006478924,0.0001261065,0.00002288321,0.00000861291,0.000005873026,0.0000397796,0.00006028392,0.00006451756],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005474143,0.00005694111,0.00002271263,0.0000954779,0.00003220798,0.00006072124,0.00002544336,0.00004420595,0.000003548035],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008100521,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000007182492,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002985662,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.50961e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997036,0.00001469453,0.00008531737,0.00007652158,0.00006303682,0.00005676518],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999736,0.0001023719,0.00001861936,0.00009126602,0.0000350812,0.00001663296],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001166397,0.000001962815,0.0001529001,0.0002697248,0.00001514664,0.000002432457,0.0000753659,0.0001598838,0.9976828,0.00001587812,0.0007242127,0.0008880259],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001032935,0.0000195626,0.0003228545,0.00007428144,0.00001207757,0.000005120457,0.00003747031,0.00002041658,0.9992307,0.00002803781,0.00009345567,0.00005276785],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967556,0.002650273,0.000002434837,0.00001313214,0.00006840625,0.00001661213,0.000003916298,0.00004713749,0.0004424831],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999387,0.0001291677,0.0001696646,0.000003454646,0.00001356276,0.000001346479,0.000004667969,0.000007947698,0.0002832212],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002631362,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2321991,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002318536371189659,"score_gpt":0.1788156211642285,"score_spread":0.1764970847930389,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}