{"id":"W3190007364","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.004","title":"Understanding Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Methodological Shift in Neuroimaging Research From Investigating Group Differences to Individual Differences","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"letter","venue":"Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging","topic":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":8,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine; McGill University; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital","funders":"Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé; Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","keywords":"Neuroimaging; Autism spectrum disorder; Psychology; Autism; Clinical psychology; Psychiatry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","sts","scholarly_communication","research_integrity"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002752356,0.001247862,0.001649329,0.002158564,0.001282731,0.001640728,0.002412123,0.0007635879,0.0000668244],"category_scores_gemma":[0.008657395,0.001070221,0.0002521056,0.005048462,0.00376064,0.0006686755,0.003464834,0.009789813,0.00002116996],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002080794,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0003815267,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008070375,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0008983249,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9749149,0.01185546,0.001372661,0.00611438,0.002343054,0.00339952],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9871187,0.01120948,0.0004007204,0.0007027931,0.0000217532,0.0005466056],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009305061,0.0004469488,0.9786935,0.00009651367,0.000006836727,0.002985371,0.0006515178,0.000004088035,0.0120102,0.003820652,0.000405936,0.0007853723],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0009823182,0.0007694913,0.8878247,0.0008036745,0.00001567646,0.00009897316,0.0005223702,0.0005935613,0.0003127008,0.106469,0.0003858222,0.001221711],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6724787,0.0005101505,0.001083864,0.3231518,0.001004484,0.001221365,0.000219633,0.0001499221,0.0001801159],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8229907,0.0007012205,0.0002519105,0.1753451,0.0003846103,0.0001930376,0.00004124484,0.00008193447,0.00001020259],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.150512,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9996931,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.5427036134903201,"score_gpt":0.4242461260757203,"score_spread":0.1184574874145999,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}