{"id":"W3190397618","doi":"10.3390/en14164916","title":"A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass for Biofuels Production with a Special Focus on the Effect of Process Parameters, Co-Solvents, and Extraction Solvents","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Energies","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":139,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Hydrothermal liquefaction; Liquefaction; Biofuel; Biomass (ecology); Hydrothermal circulation; Lignocellulosic biomass; Waste management; Biorefinery; Environmental science; Process engineering; Chemistry; Pulp and paper industry; Chemical engineering; Organic chemistry; Engineering; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002902125,0.0003215076,0.001176129,0.0001288994,0.00003026541,0.000008699477,0.0001467518,0.0001690905,0.00002541645],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002176108,0.0001979771,0.0002464539,0.0003405427,0.0001090641,0.0001000965,0.00001649038,0.0001539055,5.975244e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004717382,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005347674,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005443332,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":8.381284e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987054,0.0001288958,0.00052856,0.0002735927,0.0002243639,0.000139153],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998648,0.0004254756,0.0005357274,0.0002624849,0.0001016234,0.000026616],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001301357,0.00005431085,0.00000423139,0.5295079,0.0005923904,9.66874e-7,0.00005750868,0.00002704312,0.01026501,0.00002429484,0.0003200198,0.4590162],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001850901,0.0003607837,5.637714e-7,0.09617119,0.000667592,0.00001489163,0.00002128183,0.000003021997,0.8788071,0.00001991196,0.02355795,0.0001906509],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.02500699,0.9732731,0.00001908981,0.00001462461,0.0002060582,0.001314444,0.00006465318,0.00003925623,0.00006178502],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.01410296,0.98523,0.00006837872,0.000002307612,0.0001198587,0.0003499048,0.00006076486,0.00005222851,0.00001365654],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8685421,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8073272,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01840565018763434,"score_gpt":0.2871072470450068,"score_spread":0.2687015968573724,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}