{"id":"W3191744308","doi":"10.18260/1-2--37145","title":"Exploring Self-directed Learning Among Engineering Undergraduates in the Extensive Online Instruction Environment During the COVID-19 Pandemic","year":2024,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access Proceedings","topic":"Online Learning and Analytics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario College of Art and Design; University of Toronto","funders":"University of Toronto; American Society for Engineering Education","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Pandemic; Computer science; 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Online learning; Virology; Multimedia; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00200428,0.0002278583,0.000293905,0.0007570321,0.001587019,0.002915955,0.0006054908,0.0005848004,0.0009199362],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005946468,0.000209384,0.0002501066,0.0004269256,0.001240681,0.0008758595,0.001586671,0.001104947,0.0001837345],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002125107,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002387833,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02896079,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09259002,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998906,0.0003824464,0.00003706983,0.00009442076,0.0002420389,0.0003379996],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964675,0.001131487,0.0006707239,0.00010758,0.0005679043,0.001054829],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001369356,0.002670788,0.7262214,0.00007999305,0.00004516164,0.0004325953,0.2331598,0.0002689041,0.002959678,0.0003667139,0.0005114083,0.03314658],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008675659,0.0006090175,0.7910064,0.00004528206,0.00001712417,0.00008368231,0.2043476,0.000644871,0.0007697594,0.0001913354,0.002239201,0.00003702905],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9996076,0.000007848324,0.00003467847,0.00002930928,9.079829e-7,0.000007644514,0.000007908273,8.569351e-7,0.0003032417],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994525,0.00002499188,0.00008793612,0.00003403343,0.000001462638,0.00001051281,0.00001894943,9.330795e-7,0.0003687439],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02896079,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05758446,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1046839324441621,"score_gpt":0.2834732374308084,"score_spread":0.1787893049866464,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}