{"id":"W3192204117","doi":"10.1002/agr.21719","title":"Labor shortages and immigration: The case of the Canadian agriculture sector","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Agribusiness","topic":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"","keywords":"EconLit; Immigration; Residence; Agriculture; Labour economics; Labor demand; Economics; Food processing; Economic shortage; Primary sector of the economy; Business; Agribusiness; Demographic economics; Economic growth; Economic sector; Geography; Political science; Economy; Wage","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001584716,0.0002404248,0.0003827959,0.002440759,0.01476796,0.0028108,0.001407717,0.001232594,0.004757042],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003777597,0.0001972264,0.000432346,0.006524826,0.002494743,0.0007908892,0.003566972,0.00201221,0.0001912068],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.04958026,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.08212578,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9956552,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9976323,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981163,0.0001764541,0.00002976125,0.0000846344,0.0002411881,0.001351708],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9973714,0.0003864885,0.0004531569,0.00008135534,0.0006025097,0.00110503],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002780045,0.0003105653,0.741049,0.0003522521,0.0001086461,0.008283507,0.07725816,0.002902615,0.0005391412,0.06247754,0.04895859,0.05748194],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006405465,0.00006070243,0.6049647,0.0007523709,0.00009548247,0.0007359926,0.3278904,0.003309763,0.000179531,0.004317125,0.0575284,0.0001015121],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9414127,0.002560988,0.0001956498,0.02072571,0.00008948248,0.00007656732,0.001277123,0.000009352519,0.03365245],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9929209,0.00177044,0.0001500629,0.001136203,0.0000238669,0.00001913199,0.0002725639,0.000003626605,0.003703119],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04958026,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3597317,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008296548725493909,"score_gpt":0.2396822024202569,"score_spread":0.231385653694763,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}