{"id":"W3192586460","doi":"10.3389/fcomm.2021.639398","title":"On the Difficulty of Defining “Difficult” in Second-Language Vowel Acquisition","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Communication","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Vowel; Pronunciation; Linguistics; Psychology; Rhyme; Intelligibility (philosophy); Phonology; Schema (genetic algorithms); Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01217356,0.0007236563,0.0003366772,0.001147697,0.0009810616,0.00331213,0.0006138102,0.0008519348,0.002191155],"category_scores_gemma":[0.05500542,0.0004574559,0.0003694151,0.0007591115,0.004028881,0.003372732,0.002416029,0.00149184,0.000266699],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001515148,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001536286,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01493366,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02016045,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9941494,0.003172888,0.0003675289,0.0009823343,0.001091011,0.0002368064],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9359909,0.05017138,0.006943955,0.003292205,0.002439932,0.001161563],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001160552,0.0003724118,0.6736226,0.0003507833,0.0001476633,0.0008022946,0.0818238,0.005942346,0.03539586,0.01590732,0.0008473665,0.183627],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004430318,0.0005046814,0.948254,0.0001963043,0.00003507609,0.0004716018,0.01786578,0.01118684,0.00455304,0.0150013,0.00176448,0.0001226795],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9891044,0.0002238798,0.006127298,0.0003038119,0.000007982826,0.0000474753,0.00002636413,0.00001758115,0.004141294],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967403,0.00007918336,0.002810157,0.00005207666,0.000005448718,0.0000266777,0.00002699492,0.00001022397,0.000248889],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01493366,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.06438071,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01949554146226673,"score_gpt":0.3166817100373995,"score_spread":0.2971861685751328,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}