{"id":"W3192586460","doi":"10.3389/fcomm.2021.639398","title":"On the Difficulty of Defining “Difficult” in Second-Language Vowel Acquisition","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Communication","topic":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","field":"Psychology","cited_by":15,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Vowel; Pronunciation; Linguistics; Psychology; Rhyme; Intelligibility (philosophy); Phonology; Schema (genetic algorithms); Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005239345,0.00007414757,0.0001520106,0.00009714646,0.0000566676,0.00001164476,0.0004121344,0.0001220103,0.0005955399],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001364181,0.00006203165,0.00003288342,0.0004296195,0.0001137455,0.0000277434,0.0001150286,0.0004439912,0.00003966784],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006244399,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003104437,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001851389,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003984204,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986015,0.00071367,0.0002478188,0.0001589537,0.0001019333,0.0001761132],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9985337,0.000400775,0.00008397339,0.0009068765,0.00005606343,0.0000186139],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001231265,0.004341794,0.1877434,0.0001093607,0.0003444575,0.0001229674,0.3590624,0.0005659649,0.06980567,0.05557168,0.2595943,0.0615068],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00121525,0.00006956579,0.9734556,0.0001040948,0.000006007969,0.000006866149,0.01246578,0.0009162553,0.004857992,0.006332112,0.0004353934,0.0001351089],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9802208,0.003622722,0.0001662379,0.00126932,0.0002277683,0.0001359892,0.00002311952,0.000008956506,0.0143251],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980694,0.0001643937,0.0008605181,0.0002148621,0.000006786617,0.00005270565,0.0001523675,0.000008901457,0.0004700512],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7857122,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6520744,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01949554146226673,"score_gpt":0.3166817100373995,"score_spread":0.2971861685751328,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}