{"id":"W3194090160","doi":"10.1037/cbs0000296","title":"Racial bias and lethal force errors among Canadian police officers.","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement","topic":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":19,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Amgen (Canada)","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Psychology; Racial bias; Criminology; Social psychology; Applied psychology; Racism; Law; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["sts","scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":["sts"],"category_scores_codex":[0.005258211,0.0002362998,0.0003500204,0.001226065,0.007512487,0.001050778,0.001167156,0.0001170511,0.0008352739],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005977164,0.0002391403,0.0001455753,0.002528758,0.009763319,0.002013335,0.00005590073,0.0003794687,0.000007685137],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003447448,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02666968,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.9957047,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9999011,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961424,0.000238762,0.0006614076,0.000486262,0.0005339792,0.001937185],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9919342,0.0001158951,0.0004895069,0.0002338381,0.00100688,0.006219669],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000294686,0.00002339117,0.8530541,0.000008384804,0.00001616165,0.000493057,0.133583,0.0002193477,0.000200123,0.00863575,0.0005837115,0.003180003],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003832082,0.0003507171,0.8766695,0.0001750145,0.0001156465,0.001016261,0.08554542,0.0002601021,0.00005886889,0.0005560768,0.03428908,0.0005801226],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9766567,0.0001366666,0.00001121903,0.004889815,0.001881534,0.0001809343,0.00005281337,0.00001024774,0.01618003],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974506,0.00006280721,0.0006493975,0.0005189463,0.0004070213,0.000003703087,0.000003909996,0.00001223617,0.000891349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.04803756,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999862,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1844903734975413,"score_gpt":0.3292484068598763,"score_spread":0.1447580333623351,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}