{"id":"W3195596182","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3275958","title":"Ad Fraud Under the Vertical Contract Structure","year":2018,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Auction Theory and Applications","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Law and economics; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003530553,0.00009632914,0.0001183355,0.00005898062,0.000926764,0.0002105843,0.0008016819,0.00007002139,0.001787345],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000508134,0.0000492457,0.0001031354,0.0003797194,0.0003387765,0.000206934,0.00004390823,0.001247512,0.00068799],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000167668,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000770513,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004566276,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003286923,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976387,0.0002319982,0.0003352242,0.0002027169,0.0006080145,0.0009833329],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986441,0.0005226218,0.0001129645,0.0003616508,0.000272778,0.00008593978],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004326113,0.00002033278,0.0002502816,6.321696e-8,0.00003763421,3.221078e-7,0.000141842,0.00002578285,0.001034137,0.9682524,0.001584942,0.02860899],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002065334,0.0001041184,0.003529857,0.000001205264,0.00001491022,0.0004778208,0.00257118,0.0002004931,0.0004549289,0.9528819,0.0394876,0.00006944677],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.765388,0.0005140979,0.210349,0.02103382,0.0005002935,0.0001055988,0.000003813478,0.00002664858,0.002078768],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963344,0.00009837263,0.00003153584,0.001102985,0.0008989692,0.000002030156,4.423516e-7,0.000007936228,0.001523359],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2309464,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9991252,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02977826747778481,"score_gpt":0.3557208129936859,"score_spread":0.325942545515901,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}