{"id":"W3195761057","doi":"10.1111/ijsw.12509","title":"Social tax expenditures in Quebec (Canada): The state of play","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Social Welfare","topic":"Social Sciences and Governance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":6,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université de Sherbrooke; Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Public economics; Equity (law); State income tax; Tax reform; Double taxation; Tax credit; Economics; Income tax; Social equality; Business; Economic growth; Political science; Law; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005444022,0.00007543467,0.0001903279,0.00004096836,0.0004037267,0.00009966338,0.0007254434,0.0000571962,0.0004062563],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002896117,0.00006081995,0.0001495101,0.0002229714,0.0003037008,0.0002589373,0.00006163359,0.0002229399,7.302118e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000523777,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002120956,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.7949003,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.9910217,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974629,0.000214474,0.0004181455,0.00009565788,0.001604762,0.0002041186],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986172,0.0001168886,0.0006064107,0.00003549466,0.0005757482,0.00004831126],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002875547,0.0003916729,0.02534112,0.00001503664,0.0004413718,0.0009458336,0.3105782,0.0002612598,0.0005811334,0.3747603,0.1795071,0.1068894],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005202414,0.00001101697,0.3489069,0.00002361568,0.00001046878,0.00000430552,0.06717937,0.000002722259,0.000299926,0.005075553,0.5778357,0.0001302474],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7412983,0.0003087842,0.00002231839,0.246843,0.00226276,0.00006972705,0.00007290421,0.000004298333,0.009117877],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958724,0.00005164245,0.00001534265,0.000380367,0.001179424,0.000001530234,0.000001852921,0.000004838694,0.002492646],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3983285,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4448221,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01380458637569661,"score_gpt":0.3132535311004968,"score_spread":0.2994489447248002,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}