{"id":"W3196449430","doi":"10.1002/9781119413936.ch2","title":"Hierarchy of Evidence and Common Study Designs","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"other","venue":"Evidence-Based Orthopedics","topic":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Impact","funders":"","keywords":"Observational study; Medicine; Randomized controlled trial; Natural history; Evidence-based medicine; Intensive care medicine; Systematic review; Medical physics; Alternative medicine; Physical therapy; MEDLINE; Surgery; Internal medicine; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.1095551,0.0007793189,0.007133919,0.001253063,0.0001292665,0.0007576885,0.002714638,0.0003541857,0.04877045],"category_scores_gemma":[0.09039973,0.0003855057,0.001715399,0.002788502,0.0003318537,0.0002700875,0.0004641385,0.0005128399,0.0004779031],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004582341,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007899077,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000383827,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001313182,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9494391,0.02641835,0.0100323,0.002303329,0.0113709,0.0004360387],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9568393,0.02349838,0.009949207,0.00788017,0.001431503,0.0004014152],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002262502,0.0003078931,0.489618,0.0009423125,0.0004570643,0.0001410089,0.000345098,0.00003845648,0.00001836934,0.0001460907,0.4700491,0.03791397],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007297186,0.00117979,0.03495566,0.02149529,0.003184067,0.0000244981,0.001483369,0.002139097,0.00003394224,0.0005280498,0.9328742,0.001372326],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.03594586,0.697035,0.08224961,0.006554549,0.004126799,0.0203705,0.0002874101,0.0001662148,0.1532641],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1058173,0.005710534,0.01448683,0.0009419121,0.0006310162,0.0002288832,0.0000241758,0.0003698502,0.8717895],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7185254,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998597,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.9298771303341579,"score_gpt":0.5883073906690722,"score_spread":0.3415697396650856,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}