{"id":"W3199147880","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.728140","title":"Biomass Torrefaction Process, Product Properties, Reactor Types, and Moving Bed Reactor Design Concepts","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":199,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Office of Energy Efficiency; Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Idaho Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Energy","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Heat of combustion; Pulp and paper industry; Raw material; Water content; Moisture; Materials science; Waste management; Chemistry; Pyrolysis; Combustion; Organic chemistry; Agronomy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005238436,0.0007368209,0.0006318938,0.0004413667,0.0002642958,0.001002115,0.0009253654,0.0007112951,0.001862949],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003686573,0.0004865104,0.0004647406,0.0005435888,0.0003567442,0.000966182,0.00017559,0.0005501969,0.0006157594],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007240201,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002628704,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001245799,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00166721,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997985,0.00003737733,0.0000129925,0.00004167469,0.00008866537,0.0000208137],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998869,0.00003937061,0.00002499266,0.000009174518,0.00003255979,0.000007028331],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007328426,0.0001913817,0.00200507,0.003148286,0.00006278514,0.0003950885,0.0001466826,0.1696107,0.658745,0.02117902,0.001955695,0.1418275],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001493259,0.00154223,0.008869834,0.0001676589,0.0002376278,0.0008079597,0.000220795,0.3097408,0.6179758,0.006066683,0.05408443,0.0001369472],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3571086,0.01697828,0.6024705,0.0005537578,0.0002394724,0.000534499,0.001014397,0.001057481,0.0200431],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7689618,0.01291159,0.2038826,0.0001283914,0.0000741289,0.0003892653,0.0008731349,0.0001755057,0.01260349],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001862949,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.006232142,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03713577968318277,"score_gpt":0.2760699542027672,"score_spread":0.2389341745195844,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}