{"id":"W3199305780","doi":"10.1029/2021rs007285","title":"A Modeling Framework for Estimating Ionospheric HF Absorption Produced by Solar Flares","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Radio Science","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Natural Resources Canada","funders":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Riometer; Ionospheric absorption; Ionosphere; Collision frequency; Solar flare; Absorption (acoustics); Computational physics; Shortwave; Attenuation; Physics; Dispersion (optics); Dispersion relation; Atmospheric sciences; Environmental science; Meteorology; Geophysics; Plasma; Optics; Astrophysics; Radiative transfer","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000507933,0.0005318837,0.0003320134,0.0004719032,0.000361307,0.000719484,0.001115558,0.0008663479,0.0007690379],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000925138,0.000334953,0.0006265416,0.000335715,0.0003029087,0.0007517708,0.0004357894,0.0005585742,0.0001083369],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009372793,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001056606,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0582028,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02864832,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998841,0.00003107013,0.00000617985,0.00003382955,0.00002724079,0.00001750968],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997671,0.00009494398,0.00005229397,0.00001384834,0.00005615955,0.00001563321],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000004140591,0.000007921467,0.0005260927,0.000002935147,0.000009607819,0.00001182588,0.000006167233,0.9970037,0.0003009203,0.0008884073,0.00004374735,0.001194499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001092922,0.00000297302,0.0001530389,6.079464e-7,0.000001716863,0.000001814096,0.000001415917,0.9995443,0.00003294013,0.0002190983,0.00003956594,0.000001422999],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2558042,0.0003849817,0.7387319,0.0003883986,0.00004790225,0.00005829288,0.0003700209,0.0004086052,0.003805678],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.976849,0.0001894056,0.02078611,0.00003444552,0.00003578571,0.00005426183,0.0001924655,0.00002707992,0.001831398],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.0582028,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.115728,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01006741492327022,"score_gpt":0.2559757959264112,"score_spread":0.245908381003141,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}