{"id":"W3199493325","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01258-7","title":"Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"The Lancet","topic":"Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research","field":"Medicine","cited_by":159,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Division of Human Resource Development; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University; Center for International Health; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Sydney Medical School; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; University of Health and Allied Sciences; Madda Walabu University; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide; Western Sydney University; Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University; George Institute for Global Health; Universitatea Sapientia; Universitas Syiah Kuala; Jenderal Soedirman University; Mittuniversitetet; Alexandria University; University of Southern California; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; University of Peradeniya; Semmelweis Egyetem; Nanjing University; Alfaisal University; University of Gondar; Kuwait University; Hawassa University; Universitatea din București; Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi; China Medical University; Urmia University; University of Tabriz; Universidade do Porto; Keio University; Young Researchers and Elite Club; Universidad de Chile; Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; University of Washington; Wuhan University; Universidade de São Paulo; Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences; Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde; Nankai University; University of Tokyo; Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services; University of Colombo; Rajshahi University; Fundación Valle del Lili; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; University of Oxford; Amirkabir University of Technology; Islamic Azad University; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental; Università di Catania; Universidad ICESI; University of Ghana; Aarhus Universitet; Sharif University of Technology; Cairo University; Tsinghua University; Hamad Medical Corporation; Murdoch University; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Universiti Sains Malaysia; University of South Australia; National Research University Higher School of Economics; Deakin University; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; University of Technology Sydney; Bundesministerium für Gesundheit; Nanyang Technological University; Public Health England; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Public Health Foundation of India; Universitat de València; Uniwersytet Jagielloński Collegium Medicum; University College London; Indian Council of Medical Research; McMaster University; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Macquarie University; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Kasturba Medical College, Manipal; Wellcome Trust; Trường Đại học Duy Tân; London South Bank University; Queensland University of Technology; University of Central Punjab; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Trường Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành; National Institute for Health and Care Research; Jimma University; University of Windsor; Universitetet i Bergen; University of South Carolina; Università di Bologna; University Of Nigeria Nsukka; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline; University of Ottawa; Banaras Hindu University; Case Western Reserve University; Bournemouth University; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Ain Shams University; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Cleveland Clinic; Jackson State University; University of New South Wales; Yale University; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; Quaid-i-Azam University","keywords":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Government (linguistics); 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak; Economic growth; Tracking (education); Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); Business; Environmental health; Medicine; Political science; Virology; Economics; Psychology; Outbreak","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003004025,0.0003359493,0.002762784,0.0000641496,0.000405246,0.00004999945,0.0001274106,0.00009704004,0.000009110734],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000652851,0.0002214201,0.0001311138,0.0001450129,0.0001339877,0.00004152183,0.00007737458,0.0002013147,1.679145e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007934883,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001831457,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003314549,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002673102,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99746,0.0001417678,0.001062904,0.0004685259,0.0003937006,0.0004731168],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9975763,0.0008893343,0.0009037098,0.0002889964,0.00009127832,0.000250359],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000294895,0.00006354417,0.0003049071,0.4746827,0.0003613727,8.028466e-7,0.0005395752,3.693712e-8,9.142275e-7,0.001952526,0.01474899,0.5070497],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001321046,0.0003149257,0.0001049742,0.105334,0.0001222482,0.00001452422,0.00006710731,0.000001874196,0.00001268577,0.00002760578,0.8925074,0.0001715593],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00002628042,0.9861827,0.003839652,0.003274242,0.0001531639,0.005035518,0.001418198,0.00001534196,0.00005485174],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0000130205,0.9811432,0.01294743,0.004099517,0.0002848568,0.0008884988,0.0002460749,0.00005142923,0.0003260145],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8777584,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9029251,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.215033378779455,"score_gpt":0.4731514450482118,"score_spread":0.2581180662687568,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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