{"id":"W3201764396","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.699657","title":"Torrefaction and Pelleting of Wheat and Barley Straw for Biofuel and Energy Applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Saskatchewan Polytechnic; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Pellets; Straw; Pellet; Torrefaction; High-density polyethylene; Materials science; Biochar; Pulp and paper industry; Biomass (ecology); Bioenergy; Moisture; Biofuel; Agronomy; Waste management; Polyethylene; Composite material; Pyrolysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001423481,0.00006754329,0.0001230565,0.0001407896,0.0000526516,0.00002348957,0.00005487417,0.00009110552,0.000008041997],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004513829,0.00007317332,0.00001153283,0.0002262706,0.0001136849,0.00006408199,0.00006110781,0.00008097708,7.659987e-8],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003203076,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002248919,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004815226,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000321837,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993689,0.00002705521,0.0001208359,0.0001907583,0.0001116254,0.0001807935],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996061,0.0001253471,0.00001101165,0.00009812036,0.00008935596,0.00007000585],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004311702,0.00002896048,0.005996417,0.000602034,0.000046467,0.000002409897,0.0001578323,0.00005249269,0.7459108,0.002987084,0.002405975,0.2417665],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005792399,0.00003527445,0.00041189,0.00006020729,0.00000822598,0.000006705225,0.001428111,0.006755135,0.9388979,0.006113984,0.04553615,0.0001671598],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8986372,0.03981283,0.05847507,0.0003239746,0.0002073345,0.0001409921,0.00003849529,0.0000751046,0.002288964],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990607,0.004850459,0.004073052,0.000007702998,0.00003158483,0.00006554347,0.00001475067,0.00001596157,0.0003339691],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2415993,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2983921,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01510700746208898,"score_gpt":0.2581735235599005,"score_spread":0.2430665160978115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}