{"id":"W3201764396","doi":"10.3389/fenrg.2021.699657","title":"Torrefaction and Pelleting of Wheat and Barley Straw for Biofuel and Energy Applications","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Energy Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Saskatchewan Polytechnic; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; University of Saskatchewan","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; BioFuelNet Canada","keywords":"Pellets; Straw; Pellet; Torrefaction; High-density polyethylene; Materials science; Biochar; Pulp and paper industry; Biomass (ecology); Bioenergy; Moisture; Biofuel; Agronomy; Waste management; Polyethylene; Composite material; Pyrolysis","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001506325,0.0004573441,0.0002627764,0.0002689996,0.0001525998,0.0002754973,0.0002064804,0.0002151625,0.0007409744],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001158235,0.0001582365,0.0003806547,0.0004098901,0.00008260044,0.000252211,0.0001514079,0.0002272021,0.0002064833],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002162449,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001781116,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001683759,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004724953,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999862,0.00001431749,0.00001121356,0.00002630362,0.00005427901,0.00003192183],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999585,0.000004185868,0.00001372572,0.000003713875,0.00001411577,0.000005840227],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006136698,0.00001404853,0.0003748626,0.00007915655,0.00001073002,0.0001042524,0.00001159726,0.0001717654,0.9942244,0.0000363742,0.00002789539,0.004883549],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004862868,0.0002186657,0.007724146,0.000006815286,0.00002048436,0.0001689566,0.00004788652,0.0007040655,0.9894482,0.00002134976,0.001628057,0.000006415081],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.993094,0.001315968,0.004323488,0.00002874246,0.00002470823,0.00001993566,0.0002136673,0.00003195513,0.0009475742],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9910367,0.001370909,0.004654364,0.00002035026,0.000005751286,0.00001821279,0.0002953515,0.0000191139,0.002579205],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001683759,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003347933,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01510700746208898,"score_gpt":0.2581735235599005,"score_spread":0.2430665160978115,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}