{"id":"W3202581213","doi":"10.1016/bs.hesind.2021.11.013","title":"Innovation: market failures and public policies","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Handbook of Industrial Organization","topic":"Economic Growth and Productivity","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":40,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Market failure; Work (physics); Industrial organization; State (computer science); Economics; Public policy; Open innovation; Inequality; Innovation economics; Business; Public economics; Neoclassical economics; Economic system; Marketing; Engineering; Economic growth; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003622511,0.0002298473,0.0005992801,0.0005258846,0.00009410056,0.0001196125,0.0001339686,0.0005728605,0.005172743],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0008269701,0.0002965065,0.00004517645,0.0002604339,0.0001196437,0.000258873,0.0001157885,0.0002746937,0.00006154776],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000865957,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001526557,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00007182499,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001902064,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984797,0.00001165271,0.0008695532,0.0004316205,0.00004206337,0.000165363],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983363,0.00005182441,0.0009686381,0.0003075882,0.0002788801,0.00005680903],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00000762982,0.00001526781,0.02295454,0.00003694873,0.0001033456,0.00000104402,0.00007248632,5.784192e-7,0.00003244507,0.9597417,0.01533526,0.001698757],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001674184,0.0001258376,0.001158742,0.0003883767,0.00004823751,0.00002332374,0.00005032558,0.00001109325,0.002858341,0.09140166,0.9013285,0.0009313978],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.01054185,0.0157102,0.002492158,0.008357143,0.002546705,0.001000729,0.001121809,0.0001301988,0.9580992],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.3377705,0.005744688,0.0009365396,0.000693856,0.005008375,0.00001351532,0.001926308,0.0003466728,0.6475595],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8859932,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999487,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0621530513452183,"score_gpt":0.1970062334027317,"score_spread":0.1348531820575133,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}