{"id":"W3203444100","doi":"10.1016/j.cose.2021.102490","title":"Ransomware: Recent advances, analysis, challenges and future research directions","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Computers & Security","topic":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":248,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick","funders":"King Saud University","keywords":"Ransomware; Phishing; Computer security; Computer science; Government (linguistics); Internet privacy; Malware; Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); The Internet; World Wide Web; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006008054,0.00018889,0.000325015,0.0004102806,0.0003809247,0.000160168,0.0005670222,0.0001181499,0.00001659433],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006029785,0.0001989527,0.0001125206,0.002423506,0.0001198899,0.0007021664,0.0006562311,0.0005345442,0.000006452976],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001153721,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007960091,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000867087,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002527912,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974923,0.0004481368,0.0002515691,0.000928417,0.0004625476,0.0004170467],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9978694,0.0002562581,0.00007324221,0.0009652989,0.0006434841,0.0001922953],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000006031249,0.0001035244,0.00003389794,0.00003735508,0.00009865804,0.00005937276,0.001606519,0.00001898044,0.00004972898,0.02961904,0.000657619,0.9677092],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001969163,0.00007012106,0.001808604,0.00001830795,0.00002567575,0.00006013517,0.0002102944,0.002653773,0.002765521,0.03142603,0.9605184,0.0002461788],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000703872,0.2743993,0.7051175,0.01465809,0.001383631,0.0002796391,0.000008181676,0.001241297,0.002208509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.07005531,0.7416912,0.1867222,0.0004827295,0.0008118542,0.00009918203,0.0000207614,0.00002901133,0.00008772393],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9674631,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8113057,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03219693488085095,"score_gpt":0.3272032440124024,"score_spread":0.2950063091315514,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}