{"id":"W3203471344","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3926761","title":"Procurement Institutions and Essential Drug Supply in Low and Middle-Income Countries","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":7,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Procurement; Pooling; Business; Instrumental variable; Developing country; Estimation; Identification (biology); Biopharmaceutical; Industrial organization; Public economics; Economics; Economic growth; Marketing; Biotechnology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001158877,0.0002465984,0.0005920127,0.002176063,0.0007596148,0.003320272,0.0003624111,0.0007670084,0.006835411],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003689711,0.0003362555,0.0004957762,0.004274136,0.001536592,0.001428938,0.001999521,0.0009917732,0.0003413242],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002464892,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0023912,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02795702,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03077514,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990829,0.0002253988,0.00007368488,0.00005269282,0.00007924391,0.0004860791],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9896278,0.003152425,0.005034724,0.0001456784,0.000694207,0.001345229],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001183784,0.0003086744,0.9353134,0.000416094,0.0002947544,0.001424873,0.000973045,0.008146483,0.0004727425,0.03194208,0.003352886,0.01617116],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001550997,0.0003108866,0.9707336,0.000413638,0.0001730602,0.0004301731,0.00692392,0.003155447,0.0005798717,0.008878534,0.008202476,0.00004326418],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.984031,0.006069154,0.0002853101,0.002811433,0.00002860046,0.00001178755,0.001179886,0.00001227307,0.00557066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9974387,0.00135727,0.00004604653,0.00009143744,0.00002135019,0.000004188345,0.0003722821,0.000002153005,0.000666619],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02795702,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0555886,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02227085869686603,"score_gpt":0.2632794089533283,"score_spread":0.2410085502564623,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}