{"id":"W3204160106","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2021.111698","title":"Variation of lignocellulosic biomass structure from torrefaction: A critical review","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":227,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"National Cheng Kung University; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Ministry of Education","keywords":"Torrefaction; Biomass (ecology); Lignocellulosic biomass; Biofuel; Pulp and paper industry; Cellulose; Environmental science; Pyrolysis; Thermogravimetric analysis; Raw material; Lignin; Materials science; Waste management; Chemical engineering; Chemistry; Agronomy; Organic chemistry; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002949044,0.000632274,0.003346216,0.0001536663,0.00008264324,0.0000622278,0.0003127506,0.0005483605,0.0008067503],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000445035,0.0005169801,0.000489024,0.001006585,0.00006281955,0.0002223043,0.0001712186,0.0002320627,0.000005916067],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002034581,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002480235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003426749,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008211006,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9971925,0.0002531878,0.001255854,0.0005744705,0.0002319766,0.0004920247],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9982924,0.0003250533,0.0003112782,0.0006481102,0.0002341046,0.0001890288],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001217627,0.0000224435,1.407021e-7,0.4486515,0.0002126569,0.00004299179,0.00001351706,0.000002184824,0.0004188907,0.0007955435,0.009146131,0.5406928],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00006368506,0.00001451366,3.625733e-8,0.05599742,0.001289565,0.00002464608,0.00001997617,0.000007086677,0.00103374,0.0004085435,0.9406847,0.0004560804],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.000001528944,0.9979896,0.0006652997,0.00002417323,0.0002634906,0.0003855449,0.0000679356,0.00009186164,0.0005105968],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00002063275,0.997599,0.0003243683,0.00006289021,0.0001939031,0.0001275619,0.0004878065,0.00008124985,0.001102569],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9315386,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997282,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01877159423068547,"score_gpt":0.2587567283652021,"score_spread":0.2399851341345167,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}