{"id":"W3204323615","doi":"","title":"The rise of featural modality in English","year":2012,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Papers from the Annual Meetings of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association (PAMAPLA)","topic":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Modal verb; Linguistics; Lexicon; Modality (human–computer interaction); Feature (linguistics); Adjunct; Class (philosophy); Set (abstract data type); Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Natural language processing; Verb; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00325705,0.0002388915,0.0004074937,0.00003969817,0.0006051097,0.0001373308,0.0009228379,0.000125086,0.00004400087],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04275358,0.0001336319,0.0002035822,0.000114097,0.0003696076,0.0001263061,0.0002318839,0.0003845122,0.000009765042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002521136,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001128024,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.03352759,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008321437,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969994,0.0005378241,0.0008496053,0.000233304,0.0008830249,0.0004968487],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9914358,0.005019209,0.001846782,0.0005257051,0.001115505,0.00005702274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001161425,0.0001714599,0.5875617,0.00006127801,0.0002603458,5.196658e-7,0.2296932,0.00003853233,0.0001185711,0.1806911,0.0008725316,0.0004146763],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002359001,0.0001768311,0.6560978,0.0009794177,0.001329497,0.000001511266,0.1310354,0.001579538,0.001104613,0.1174437,0.08678395,0.001108724],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9553238,0.0005333599,0.000004624414,0.0117154,0.006520224,0.0006582788,0.0002985904,0.00007296722,0.02487278],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951482,0.00003219413,0.00009860306,0.0001079244,0.003582152,0.00001697503,0.00001829222,0.00002142844,0.0009741897],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09865784,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9729082,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009840650188652893,"score_gpt":0.2142889574236195,"score_spread":0.2044483072349666,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}