{"id":"W3207049991","doi":"10.1115/omae2021-63603","title":"Wettability Alteration During Low-Salinity Waterflooding in a Deep Tight Carbonate Reservoirs: A Quantitative and Visual Investigation Through Spontaneous Imbibition and Zeta Potentiometric Studies","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Volume 10: Petroleum Technology","topic":"Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Imbibition; Wetting; Contact angle; Brine; Zeta potential; Dilution; Geology; Petroleum engineering; Carbonate; Carbonate rock; Petroleum reservoir; Saturation (graph theory); Mineralogy; Geotechnical engineering; Chemistry; Materials science; Composite material; Thermodynamics; Nanotechnology; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003393098,0.0002697039,0.0004542134,0.001063356,0.0001290925,0.00006644605,0.00009045139,0.0003067685,0.00001372152],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006810279,0.0003033887,0.0000389193,0.001445999,0.0002488225,0.0005341345,0.0001865159,0.0004316351,0.000005374129],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000374275,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002326763,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005994798,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0009526626,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982492,0.0001329513,0.00051352,0.0005472858,0.0001767385,0.0003802713],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993159,0.0001326445,0.00009512323,0.0002330024,0.0001776917,0.00004566658],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002092579,0.0001995021,0.05576553,0.002239082,0.0003542697,0.001316503,0.003327775,0.006158955,0.923584,0.001125977,0.00004278869,0.005676297],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001852925,0.0006566269,0.03983394,0.0007477042,0.00009335838,0.0008755686,0.003170707,0.2165679,0.7056915,0.02942073,0.00009600833,0.0009931079],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919183,0.004076049,0.002504076,0.0003165065,0.0001174411,0.0001928775,0.00001090506,0.0007708637,0.00009298005],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9909923,0.001592102,0.007121183,0.00001227236,0.00002149653,0.0001164459,0.00003014611,0.00003927889,0.00007475835],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2178926,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999418,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01355662048065344,"score_gpt":0.263662842734963,"score_spread":0.2501062222543096,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}