{"id":"W3207601856","doi":"10.1038/s41592-021-01302-4","title":"The class imbalance problem","year":2021,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Nature Methods","topic":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":126,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Class (philosophy); Computational biology; Computer science; Biology; Chemistry; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001738654,0.0001194176,0.0001344084,0.00003275551,0.000250799,0.0002973654,0.001522467,0.000229702,0.000006345722],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007548993,0.00008193837,0.00006269118,0.0007841483,0.0000633254,0.000286927,0.0003730097,0.0007781714,0.00001952159],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005383385,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001476587,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":8.88418e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003003493,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981462,0.0006577484,0.0002111118,0.0004404762,0.0002693913,0.0002750118],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9972653,0.0006997266,0.0001121418,0.001580024,0.000287617,0.00005522381],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001363655,0.00001528213,0.00005776086,0.000006036728,0.000008963164,0.000007091937,0.00003624993,8.133895e-7,0.02597216,0.6475908,0.02922209,0.2970814],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000611337,0.000008867461,0.0011023,0.000008772625,0.000002229005,0.00003021585,0.000007857522,0.002753034,0.2015782,0.05741728,0.7369229,0.0001072941],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001296697,0.003268911,0.9652421,0.0121222,0.0006448529,0.0001203807,0.000003536215,0.0004481941,0.01813688],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.003855226,0.0001628044,0.9912066,0.001877128,0.00008562802,0.00005215305,0.000006954685,0.000009647805,0.002743846],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7077008,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3380811,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01395549485720575,"score_gpt":0.3723376864885252,"score_spread":0.3583821916313195,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}